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Second, artificial intelligence can be the stepping-stone for the creation of other inventions that will help shape the future. For most inventions it is usually something recreated to carry out the same purpose that an older invention can do but at a high efficiency rate. That same thing will happen for artificial intelligence, the models that we have today or the different programs that we have today that are of artificial intelligence will cease to be in the future only because something better will be created that it meets the demands of that time period. Over the past years artificial intelligence has greatly increased in the areas of speech recognition, computer vision, text analysis and even robot control. Now, the next big study is the interference of artificial intelligence with cognitive skills and emotions. In the article titled “Brain donors” it states that how today’s artificial intelligence still struggles to complete task humans can do with ease and that is because their “minds” cannot adapt like ours do. The biggest problem with artificial intelligence is that it does not know how to adapt to a situation that it is not programmed for. The reason for this is because their minds have not been programmed to learn how to adapt and that is due to the idea that the areas of cognitive thinking and neuroscience for artificial intelligence is lacking. Due to the lack of research in that field an alternative method needs to be created in order to teach the artificial intelligence as they progress. The article suggests that the best way to deal with the current situation is by having human workers ready to assist the artificial intelligence whenever they run into trouble. With the combination of both human and artificial intelligence we are creating something of a hybrid intelligence, which can outperform standard artificial intelligence in all sorts of ways. The smartest machines in the future may instead be a mix of programming, transistors and the donated brainpower of an army of human workers. Artificial intelligence is all around us, but it is far from perfect. Computers can recognize common objects and understand enunciated words, but real life is not so neat. The human language is packed with puns, metaphors and idioms. We all speak in different accents. And we continually encounter unfamiliar environments and objects. Until machines can deal with such challenges, artificial intelligence goals such as robot companions will remain a fantasy. The idea that humans could make up for the shortcomings of machines can be traced, at least in part, to a plane journey. It was 2001 and Luis von Ahn, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Von Ahn saw passengers engrossed by a difficult task: newspaper crosswords. "I saw that people were willing to do something that computers can't," he says. It turned out von Ahn wasn't quite right; computers can learn to solve some types of crossword. But the idea stuck. If he could design tasks that humans want to do, he could get people to help machines. It was an almost immediate boon for companies involved in tasks like transcription, which have found that they can get jobs done remarkably cheaply. But more ambitious uses have emerged since. Researchers interested in human computation now have an army of "Turkers" to call upon. The result is a series of human-machine hybrids that build upon the pioneering work of von Ahn and others. Mechanical Turk has another advantage: speed. The army is usually thousands-strong, so jobs can sometimes be completed in seconds. Now this is one way in which we can see the development of artificial intelligence in the future. But another way that we can see development of artificial intelligence is through the idea of emotion and cognition.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In the article titled “Emotion, Cognition and Artificial Intelligence” it states, “some claim that machines will never feel emotion, and as a result, machine intelligence will forever fall short of human intelligence. Do emotions play a role in the performance of certain human cognitive abilities? It appears so; emotion does play various important roles in cognition. One cognitive ability in which emotion seems to play a role is selective attention. It is a familiar fact that we generally focus on particular aspects of our environment while simultaneously ignoring many others. We tend to focus on those aspects of our environment that are important, salient or relevant, and ignore those that are not. Also without the value of emotion a lot of other cognitive abilities seem to be lost, such as facial recognition, memory retrieval and so on. This just proves how important it is to implicate emotion into artificial intelligence. All of the things that will be lacking without emotion are what is essential for artificial intelligence. Let us be honest, what is the purpose of artificial intelligence if it cannot retrieve old memories that could be essential for us, or if it cannot recognize people. That is why having the mechanical Turkers are essential until emotion can be created in artificial intelligence. When constructing an artificial intelligence, there are two different ways to approach it, the first way is by classical approach in which we design the AI, based on a mathematical approach in which ideas and concepts are represented by symbols such as words, phrases or sentences, which are then processed according to the rules of logic. The second way is by a connectionist approach in which we let AI develop, based on artificial neural networks which imitate the way neurons work, and which imitate inheritance and fitness to evolve better solutions to a problem with every generation. The classical approach has been mastered by now, what t still needs to develop is the connectionist approach.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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